Colorado Brain Injury Law: What the Statutes Actually Say
Grading the Injury: Why Severity Determines Strategy
Colorado courts and insurers rely on the Glasgow Coma Scale to classify TBI severity. Mild TBI carries a GCS of 13 to 15. Moderate TBI carries a GCS of 9 to 12. Severe TBI carries a GCS of 3 to 8. The grading matters because insurers use a low GCS at discharge to argue the injury could not be serious. Our attorneys counter with follow-on neuropsychological testing and imaging that catches abnormalities the ER missed.
The Non-Economic Damage Cap
Colorado limits non-economic damages -- pain, suffering, and emotional distress -- to $1,500,000 for claims accruing on or after January 1, 2025, under C.R.S. 13-21-102.5. That ceiling is significant, and reaching it requires documented proof of impact on every area of life. Physical impairment and disfigurement are separately recoverable and are NOT subject to the $1,500,000 cap under C.R.S. 13-21-102.5(5). A client with permanent motor or sensory deficits from a TBI can recover above the non-economic ceiling for those specific harms.
Comparative Negligence: How Shared Fault Works
Colorado follows a modified comparative negligence rule under C.R.S. 13-21-111. If you share some fault for the crash, your recovery is reduced by your percentage of fault. If you are found to be 50 percent or more at fault, you recover nothing. Insurers routinely try to push fault onto injured people. Our attorneys gather evidence early -- police reports, traffic camera footage, black box data, and scene photographs -- to establish the other driver's predominant fault before the insurer frames the narrative.
Filing Deadlines You Cannot Miss
For motor vehicle crashes, the statute of limitations in Colorado is three years from the date of the collision under C.R.S. 13-80-101(1)(n). For most other personal injury claims, the deadline is two years under C.R.S. 13-80-102(1)(a). Missing either deadline means losing the right to any recovery regardless of how clear the liability is.
Government Entity Claims: The 182-Day Trap
If your TBI was caused by a city bus, a CDOT maintenance failure, or another government employee, the Colorado Governmental Immunity Act imposes a separate and much shorter requirement. Under C.R.S. 24-10-109(1), you must serve a written notice of claim within 182 days of discovering the injury. Failure to file this notice bars your entire claim, regardless of how clear the negligence is. Damages against government entities are also capped: $505,000 per person and $1,421,000 for a single incident for claims subject to the caps in effect January 1, 2026 through January 1, 2030, under C.R.S. 24-10-114(1)(b).
Punitive Damages
When a defendant's conduct was attended by circumstances of fraud, malice, or willful and wanton disregard for the safety of others, Colorado allows punitive damages under C.R.S. 13-21-102(1)(a). Punitive damages cannot exceed the amount of actual damages awarded. If the court finds that the misconduct continued during or after the lawsuit, punitive damages may be increased by the court to up to three times the actual damages under C.R.S. 13-21-102(3).